A new JSTAT study shows how to compute the minimum energy cells use to sustain certain metabolic pathways while suppressing ...

Living cells pay a hidden energy price not just to run chemical reactions, but to keep them on track and block all the ...

There are “costs of life” that mechanical physics cannot calculate. A clear example is the energy required to keep specific ...

JEE Advanced 2026 Syllabus: The Indian Institute of Technology (IIT) Roorkee, the conducting authority for JEE Advanced 2026, has published the detailed, topic-wise syllabus on its official website at ...

Thermodynamic spontaneity—whether a reaction can go—can be measured by changes in either of two parameters: entropy or free energy. These concepts are abstract and can be somewhat difficult to ...