When a spin-degenerate Landau level is half filled (corresponding to filling factor \(\nu =2\uppi {\ell }_{\mathrm{B}}^{2}n=1\) with magnetic length \({\ell ...
The property of interest that can be modified by water uptake to an amazing degree, and on which we concentrate, is ion conductivity. Such effects are important not only because water is ubiquitous ...