Background This study set out to offer a three-dimensional description of scapular kinematics and scapulohumeral rhythm (SHR) of healthy subjects during arm elevation and lowering, as well as to ...

Background The knowledge of 3-dimensional (3D) scapular kinematics is essential for understanding the pathological lesions of shoulder and elbow in throwing athletes. To date, a number of studies ...

Scapular kinematics and muscle activity are fundamental aspects of shoulder function and rehabilitation. The scapula serves not only as a base for multiple muscular attachments but also as a dynamic ...

To identify patients with decreased scapular motion and to allow a more targeted treatment of these patients, physiotherapists require a reliable and easily performed clinical assessment method. One ...

The scapula has its own set of joint actions: The shoulder girdle has a set of joint actions specific to motion of the scapula. Although this may seem like just another set of confusing terms to ...

Learn about protraction, retraction, elevation, depression, upward rotation, etc., along with all of the muscles responsible for these joint actions. The scapula has its own set of joint actions: The ...