The research field of 'cellular IRESes' lay dormant for decades, as there was no uniform standard of reliable methods for the clear characterization of these starting points for the ribosome-mediated ...

Protein translation, also known as protein synthesis, is a fundamental biological process that involves the conversion of the nucleotide sequence in mRNA into a specific sequence of amino acids, ...

Protein biosynthesis—the process whereby cells produce protein molecules, which are essential for life and growth—is a highly complex and strictly regulated affair. An interdisciplinary team led by ...

Synthetic cells containing genetic programs and protein expression machinery are increasingly recognized as powerful counterparts to engineered living cells in the context of biotechnology, ...

As aging progresses, the quality of DNA and proteins inside cells declines, known to be the cause of various degenerative diseases. However, the connection between aging and RNA has remained largely ...