Cells do this by breaking proteins down and recycling them, a process summarily referred to as "protein removal." But this ongoing and vital "dance" of protein making and protein removal takes energy ...

Illustration showing the process of a release factor (RF) detecting a stop codon and releasing the newly made peptide chain (right) through a hydrolysis reaction. It’s known as biology’s central dogma ...

Without the protein galectin-3 (left), placental cells remain separate, each with their own nucleus (blue) surrounded by a distinct cell boundary (pink). With galectin-3 (right), cells fuse together ...