Understanding the flammability limits and combustion characteristics of fuel–air mixtures is pivotal for both industrial safety and the advancement of energy technologies. These limits define the ...

The study of flammability and combustion characteristics of refrigerants is critical in ensuring both safety and efficiency for industrial and environmental applications. This field encompasses an ...

The International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) surprised many earlier this year when it rejected a proposal to increase the charge limit for A3 refrigerants (e.g., propane) from 150 to 500 grams ...

The HVACR industry is in the process of transitioning away from HFCs such as R-410A to alternative refrigerants that are mildly flammable (A2L). Because of their flammable nature, these refrigerants ...